How to become an expert in PHP

                    PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting  language used to make a dynamic web pages that interacts with databases. It is usually used to make a web based software applications. Initially it was called as "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter", but now it is called as Hypertext Preprocessor. It November 1997 Rasmus Lerdorf built and released PHP. You can develop static websites with HTML and CSS or with the help of Java Script you can make some dynamic pages. But if you want to develop more complex, more dynamic or web based software applications PHP is the best choice. PHP uses MySQL to communicate with databases. PHP and MySQL both are the most used open source software within an enterprise. As of February 2014 PHP is the most used server side scripting language in the world with more than 82% of all websites. Many popular enterprises used PHP in their professional sites such as WordPress, SilverStripe, Joomla, Drupal, Moodle and front end of Facebook and Digg. PHP is easy to learn and use but with PHP you can develop more complicated websites.

                  As of January 2013, PHP was installed on more than 240 million websites and 2.1 million web servers. So learning PHP is more important to every bloggers and web developers. But being an expert in PHP is more important to every professional web developers. Today we bring you a best books to become an expert in PHP. This page lists best books from beginning to advanced level to become an PHP expert.

How to become an expert in Data Mining

                Data Mining is the process of extracting information from a large data set and transforms this extracted information into understandable data structure. The data mining is frequently applied to many information processing such as collection, extraction, warehousing, statistics and analysis as well as the applications of computer decision support systems such as artificial intelligence, business intelligence and machine learning. There are many large companies uses this technology to focus on the most important information in their data warehouses. Data mining tools used to predict future trends and behaviors, this prediction helps many companies to make proactive and knowledge driven decisions.Data mining tools can answer any business questions that are traditionally too time consuming to resolve. If you want to analyze massive databases to get the answers to your business questions like "Which clients are most likely to respond to my next promotional mailing, and why?" then data mining is the best choice to this too time consuming process.

                  Nowadays there are vast amount of data has been collected every day in a variety of fields such as biology, finance, marketing and medicine.

How to become an expert in iOS game development

                  Today we are going to dive into the iOS game world. As i said in the how to become an expert in Android game development the games are the most selling apps in all platforms app stores. After the launch of App Store, games becomes the hottest category of  apps for the iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. According to Localize Direct’s App Store statistics analysis currently there are more than 309,420  games in the App Store. There are more than 400 new iOS games are released every day. In iTunes App store there are so many game genres are available such as Puzzle, Arcade, Action, Family, Adventure, Education, Trivia, etc. Apple gives more importance for gaming. In Sept 8, 2010 the Apple Inc launched the Game Center, it is the online multiplayer social gaming network. With the help of the game center you can invite your friends to play multiplayer games, do some achievements and compare your high scores with your friends and many more features it has. iOS game development is really a big business. You can become a biggest iOS game developer when you work hard with full dedication.

If you new to the iOS world then its better to learn iOS app development first, otherwise continue reading.

How to become an expert in IOS app development

                       IOS is the one of the most powerful mobile operating system in the world. It is specifically designed to run on Apple's mobile hardware. At the initial stage it was only used in iPhone. But nowadays it supports many other apple devices such as iPod, iPad, Apple TV.The User Interface (UI) of iOS is based on direct manipulation like Android UI. IOS is not an open source but you can create and sell them in Apple's App Store. The Objective C or XCode's are used for making iOS apps. The Software Development Kit (SDK) is available in apple's official website and then you can start developing your iOS apps. But this SDK is not free you need to buy them at price of US$99.00 per year. IOS has more than 21% of shares in smartphone market.  As of June 2014 report there are more than 1.2 million iOS applications are available in the app store in that more than 60 billion times these are downloaded. So being an expert in iOS app development will add great value to your future.

                      Today we bring you some great books for becoming an expert in both the iOS app development and exclusive UI designing.

How to become an expert in Android game development

                    Android games are the most popular android apps in the android app stores. There are 1 million android applications are available on Google play store in that more than 100500 of apps are entertainment apps.Most of the entertainment apps are games in various genres such as Puzzle (55808), Racing (7581), Role Playing (3389), Sport games (8468), word games (3409), Adventure (8154), etc. The games are the most widely selling android apps in the play store and other app stores. So being android game developer is most essential to every android app developers. Not every game developer holds the top positions in the game industry, only experts can do that. If you want to become an expert in android game development you need some great books to learn.

                      Today we bring you the some great books for that. Below we listed the top books in android game development from beginner level to advanced level. If you are new to android then its better to learn the android app development first.

How to become an expert in Android app development

                  Android is the most widely used open source mobile operating system in the world based on the Linux kernel. The user interface is based on Direct Manipulation. Android is primarily designed for mobiles but it is also widely used on televisions, cars, tablets, game consoles, digital cameras, eye glasses (Google Glass) and wrist watches. As of 2013's report the Android OS is the highest selling OS in the world compared to windows, Mac OS X and IOS. As of July 2013 the Play store has more than 1 million apps and more than 50 billion app installation. Android is open source, so anyone can develop their own apps, sell them and also you can modify the Android OS. Android app development is more essential for who want to become android game developer. Android is more exciting and interesting to develop apps who already has an experience in java. When you developed your apps you can sell them over many online stores like Google's Play store, Amazon's Appstore, 1Mobile market, SlideME, ect. So its better to start learning and developing  Android apps It will give you a great future. Also it is best for who wants to become a successful self employee. 

             Are you ready to jump into the Android app development world?, Yes then here is the top great books for becoming an expert in android app development.

How to become an expert in Photoshop

               Photoshop is the most powerful industry leading image and graphics editing software in the world. It was developed and published by Adobe Systems in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then Photoshop is the raster graphics editor then it's competitors. Adobe continuously updates Photoshop versions and includes dozens new and exciting features. So learning and being an expert in Photoshop is most important to professionals and photographers. Learning Photoshop is also useful for students and amateurs. 

               Photoshop functionality can be extended by add-on programs called Photoshop plugins. Adobe creates some plugins, such as Adobe Camera Raw, but third-party companies develop most plugins.

How to become an expert in Linux Command Line

                  Linux is a Unix-like and most powerful operating system in the world. It was assembled under the FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) development and distribution. First Linux kernel was released on 5 Oct 1991 by Linus Torvalds. In 2014 Linux Torvalds continuously updates the kernel, so the Linux operating system goes more powerful day by day. So learning Linux command lines are much better than learning some programming languages.  Most of the Linux flavors has both the GUI and the command shell.

                 You don’t need to know the Linux commands for using them, but learning the Linux commands will make you a guru in computer. Many of us always think it’s too difficult to become an expert in Linux commands.

How to become an expert in Logic Gates (Videos)

           Logic Gates are the physical devices or building blocks of a digital circuits.Logic gates are implementation of a Boolean functions. It performs a logical operations with two or more logical inputs and produces a single logical output. There are seven basic logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR. Logic gates are very very important for our modern computing and a Computer Architecture. If you want to become an expert in a logic gates

you need to be know everything about these logic gates.  Here we have a best video tutorials for learning everything about logic gates from basic level to advanced level. Watch these tutorials on YouTube from top universities and professionals.If you would like to learn from video tutorials then go to How to become an expert in Logic Gates (Books) post.

1. Popular Logic gate & Electronic circuit

           This tutorials series covers many topics such as Integrated Circuits, Experiment as part of the

How to become an expert in Electronics

                  Electronics deals with electrical circuits, it interacts with active electronic components such as transistors, resisters, diodes and integrated circuits. Vacuum tubes were the one of earliest component in history. But today there are lot of high efficient electronic components available. If you want to be an expert in electronic then you most have proficient knowledge in many things. For example the electronic components such as capacitors, inductors, diodes, thyristors, transistors, Logic Gates and resistors, electronic equipment's such as amplifier, radio receiver (oscillator) and  various meters such as ammeter, volt meter, etc.

                     The Computer Architecture designing also primarily depends on electronic circuits. Today we brought you the Top 5 great video tutorials to become an expert in all of these things.

How to become an expert in Logic Gates (Books)

               The understanding of logic gates and Boolean functions is most important part of an electronics engineer's skill set. Here are the top 5 books to become an expert in Logic Gates. If you would like to learn from video tutorials then go to How to become an expert in Logic Gates (Videos) post.

1.Digital Logic: Applications and Design

                 DIGITAL LOGIC offers the right balance of classical and up-to-date treatment of combinational and sequential logic design for a first digital logic design class.

How to become an Expert in Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture is a standard or discipline for design the hardware, software and connects all the software's and hardware's to perform the desired operations. To become an expert in this computer architecture will takes some times and hard work with dedication. Once you become an expert in this then you can control the computers. There are so many resources are available on on-line & also in off-line.  The only thing you need is your hard work with complete dedication.

Here we are going to give you a top 5 YouTube Playlists and top 5 books to become a computer architecture expert. Here we go.

Top 5 YouTube Playlists

Everybody know to learn something visually we cannot forget it and also we can completely 

understand them. So learning with video tutorials are easy

Top 3 countries list by the Raw materials production

                   The following table shows the top 3 countries list by the production of most precious Raw Materials in the world. This complete list based on 2013's survey.

S.No	Materials	Countries	Production (Tonne/Year)
1.	Aluminum	Ø  People’s Republic of China  Ø  Russia  Ø    Canada	©  21,500 Thousand  ©  3,950   Thousand  ©   2,900   Thousand
2.	Antimony	Ø  People’s Republic of China  Ø  South Africa  Ø  Bolivia	©  12,0,000  ©  3,000  ©  3,000
3.	Asbestos	Ø  Russia  Ø  China  Ø  Brazil	©  10,00,000  ©  4,00,000  ©  2,70,000

Melting points of the materials(°F,°C,K)

Melting Point

                  Melting point (also called as liquefaction point) of a solid material is the temperature at which it changes its state from solid to liquid. Usually it is happening in the atmospheric pressure. Every materials, substances and chemicals have its own melting points. The following table contains the melting points of various materials.

Materials	Melting Points
	Fahrenheit (°F)	Celsius (°C)	Kelvin (K)
Antimony	1170	630	903.15
Aluminum	1220	660	933.15
Aluminum Alloy	865 to 1240	463 to 671	732.15 to 944.15

Top 5 most powerful explosive materials in the world

                An explosive material is a reactive substance that holds a great amount of potential energy that will produce an explosion whenever it released its energy suddenly. The potential energy stored in an explosive material may include

1.    Chemical energy such as nitroglycerin, photosynthesis.
2.    Pressurized gas such as gas cylinder, nitrous oxide.
3.    Nuclear energy such as Uranium-235,Plutonium-239.    

5. Black powder

Black powder

                Black powder is a chemical explosive. It is a composition of various chemical elements such as

Top 7 Synthetic Materials

                 Synthetic materials are the kind of materials that are made from chemicals based on polymers. The synthetic materials are stronger than the natural materials and also these are durable, stretchable, waterproof and stair resistant construction. Compared to synthetic materials natural materials are easily break down over time. The chemicals used in synthetic materials are synthesized polymers or small molecules. These synthesized polymerase come from petroleum based chemicals (sometimes it is called as petrochemicals).

Products of synthetic materials

7. Aramid                          

                Aramids are generally produced by the reaction between an anime group and carboxylic acid halide group. Some of the well-known

Materials used for making Microprocessor (CPU)

                       Microprocessors are the heart of  any computers,laptops,mobile phones,servers,super computers and complex military and space systems.Today we are going to deeply analyse What are the materials are used for making the modern microprocessors.

First we wanna know what are the electronic components are used to making microprocessors. Commonly there are three electronic components are used these are

1. Transistors
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. Diodes

Materials used on most expensive Lighter in the world

                 In 1924, Alfred Dunhill invented the first lighter that could be handled with one hand. Since then there are high end lighters are made with silver, gold, diamonds, platinum and these high end lighters are used by several famous celebrities, businessmen, millionaires and billionaires. But all the time there is something luxuries from one another. Currently S.T.Dupont holds the position of the luxuries lighter market. But when come to the most expensive list it goes away, Edward I former in new York, he designed and made the world’s most expensive lighter most likely handmade around 1920’s.

Silver and Jadeite Ashtray and Lighter

           “Silver and Jadeite Ashtray and Lighter” is the most expensive lighter in the world. Its price is

Materials used on most expensive Contact Lens in the world

                     You are the contact lens user and lover of luxuries things then here has the most expensive contact lens in the world. The Shekhar Eye Research center in India creates this expensive contact lenses, Sanjay Shah this contact lenses bases on the concept by Chandrashekhar Chawan. The name of this limited edition contact lens is “ La SER ”, here you can wear gold and natural diamonds in your eyes. This limited edition lenses will be custom made in four designs of,

·         Diamonds on white gold,

·         Diamonds on yellow gold,

·         Just white gold,

·         Yellow gold and

Materials used on most expensive USB Flash drive in the world

                   Shawish Jewelry shop located in Swiss has been created the most expensive USB flash drive in the world. The name of this USB flash drive is “Magic Mushroom USB Key”. Which is entirely made with some of the luxuries materials these includes

Magic Mushroom USB Key

·         White gold,

·         Yellow gold,

·         Pink diamonds,

Materials used on most expensive Bullet in the world

   Bullet, yeah you are right the same bullet used to fire but this is something strange. This bullet manufacturer didn't use usual materials and also it is not for usual purpose. Bullet Forge, the online retailer of custom bullet seller. They sells gold bullets, platinum bullets and lot of silver bullets. Their premier bullet is 45 ACP Bullet. It is the most expensive bullet in the world. Because its price is about $3,000.

 

45 ACP Bullet

  

  Let’s see the materials used on it,

·         Which is made from 14 karat white gold,

Materials used on most expensive MP3 Player in the world

                           Most of us are using MP3 Players but today we are going to see most expensive MP3 Player in the world. Every part of this player made with some of the most interesting materials including its logo, panel, buttons and even its ear phone also. We know the Apple computers gives lot of incredible and expensive products to the world. So this expensive MP3 Player is also a Apple's product.

                Which is "Stuart Hughes iPod(MP3 player) Touch Supreme fire edition". Its price is  $330,000.

Stuart Hughes iPod Touch Supreme fire edition

Stuart Hughes is the UK designed, he designed this awesome MP3 Player.

Lets see the materials used on it.

                                               

·         The iPod Touch supreme fire edition is made with 124 diamonds,  which total of 75 carats.

·         Its panels are made with 125 grams worth of 24 carat gold.

Materials used on most expensive sun-glass in the world

               Most of us uses the sun-glasses for protecting eyes from sun lights but somebody uses it just for stylish.This one is for those who uses sun-glasses for stylish,fancy,luxuries and also who is ready to spend millions of dollars to buy this single glass.

               Okay lets move, the most expensive sun-glass in the world is "Chopard's sun-glasses".The price of one chopard's sun-glass is $4,08,486.Yeah because the materials used on it.

Chopard's sun-glass

       

                                              It was created by De Rigo bision.

            Lets see why this glass is more expensive

• These glasses have 51 fully cut river DIAMONDS, their weights to 4 carats.
• 60 grams of GOLD of 24 carats have been used to create its frames.

Materials used on most expensive keyboard in the world

              Followings are some of the most incredible keyboard designs in the world. But

Awesome keybords

              But these things not gets the title of most expensive keyboard in the world.Because these keyboards have some of the awesome engineering designs but nothing special on its materials.But one keyboard takes the title that is

Materials used on most expensive lamp in the world

                 After  invention of the electric bulb by Thomas Alva Edition there are lot and lot of changes are happened like changes in its materials,size,cost,and most important thing is its use. Today we are using different kind of lights on different kind of appliances like pixels,LEDs,lamps,lasers and so on.
But you ever wondered

• which one is worlds most expensive lamp?
• How much its cost? and
• What are the materials are used on it?

Here is the answer for all of these questions.

Pink Lotus Lamp     

  Pink Lotus Lamp
           
                      which is the most expensive lamp in the world.Because materials used on it,its hand made design. Its price is $2.8 million($28,00,000 USD).

Materials used on ultra expensive Smart Phone on the Planet

                             We are everybody using mobile phones especially smart phones. Let ask  to someone which one is ultra expensive mobile phone in the world probably their answers will be iPhone 5s gold edition or HTC one gold edition or something else. But they are wrong because the answer is "Mobiado Grand 350 Pioneer".Which is the ultra expensive smart phone on the planet. It was launched on march 3 1972 but till now this one holds the position of ultra expensive smart phone on the planet. Because the materials used on it.  Its approximate price is €8,600 (Rs.7,00,00).

Front and Back

Lets see some of its facts.

1. Only 37 units are manufactured totally.
2. Only smart phone that utilizes the compelling beauty of meteorite.

Materials used for making CDs and DVDs

                  The CD and DVDs are the best ways to store the datas in a digital format and carry them in to anywhere. There are many type of datas we can store in the CD and DVDs like Games, Songs, Photos, Films, Files and so on. Because the this memory devices gives lots of memory capacity in minimum cost. Normally the CDs gives a 700 MB of storage space also some CD manufacturer gives 800 MB of space. But the DVD’s offers lots of space then CDs that is the DVDs offers different storage spaces based on their layers. The normal DVDs offers only 4.7 GB of memory capacity. Today we are going to see what are the materials are used for making the CDs and DVDs.

  

Both the CDs and DVDs are made up with the five different types of materials to its five layers. Lets look those layers one by one,
1. The base layer made of a Polycarbonate Plastic. This base layer is used for two purposes

Materials used for making Electric Bulbs

                    In Dec. 18, 1878 the great scientist Thomas Alva Edison invented the Electric bulb. From the moment the light bulb was invented to till now people creates the different types of light with some different materials for reducing the power consumption, avoiding the global warming, produce a brighter light source and reducing the heat production. But after the light bulb was invented till now the basic principle of the light bulb not changed. There are different lights are used for different purposes, each bulbs uses some different materials. Today we are going to see that things, (i.e) What are the materials are used for making Electric Bulbs?

There are some of the materials are commonly used for making light bulbs like Tungsten, mercury, aluminum, glass

Materials used for making Google Glass parts

                    Hello friends everybody wonders about the Google glass.Because it's only product to gives an expectations of the future technology.Google glass uses some new hardwares and  softwares without using any newer operating systems.But the Google glass's functionality mostly depends on it's hardwares.Today in this article we are gonna see that hardwares more deeply in our "Materials Used" section.

Google Glass

ok friends let's move from the out side of the glass

Tomorrow an Asteroid 2014 KH39 will Zips Just 1.1 LD from Earth - watch it live at 3 p.m. CDT (20:00 UT)

 June 3: Tomorrow around 3 p.m. CDT (20:00 UT) asteroid 2014 KH39 will silently zip by Earth at a distance of just 272,460 miles (438,480 km) or 1.14 LDs (lunar distance). Close as flybys go but not quite a record breaker. The hefty space rock will buzz across the constellation Cepheus at nearly 25,000 mph (11 km/sec) near the Little Dipper at the time.

Near Earth asteroid 2014 KH39, discovered on May 24, 2014, is the faint ‘star’ in the crosshairs in this photo made on May 31.

                 Observers in central Europe and Africa will have  dark skies for the event, however at magnitude +17 the asteroid

The whole world will need to land on MARS in 2035

Washington : 

The NASA  has stated that they have plan to land humans on the red planet(MARS) in 2035.

              Chief scientist Dr Ellen Stofan, in a series of talks across the UK, outlined the plans of the agency to undertake such a mission in the next two decades. Nasa’s developments in recent years have revolved around ultimately sending people to Mars. These include the creation of the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket and the Orion capsule.

              Both will be components of any future attempt to land humans on the surface of Mars before returning to Earth. ‘To unambiguously settle the questions of whether there was life on Mars it will take scientists down on the surface,’ Dr Stofan said at the Natural History Museum in London. She added that getting humans to Mars is Nasa’s ‘primary mission’ but there is a long way to go before all the technologies are ready – although she did say 2035 was ultimately the target.

Materials used for making iPhone parts

You ever wondered,What are the materials are used for making iphone parts?

Iphone

            OK,Let's move on to our topic.Usually there are lots of Raw Materials are used for making iphone parts in various places in the world.These materials includes metals,plastics,glasses and also chemicals.Each parts of the iphones are made up of various raw materials.Now i'm gonna show you those materials one by one.

1.Screen

                    The iphone's touch screen is uses the Gorilla glass.This gorilla glass manufactured by

Next Space Station Crew Gets Comfy Prior to Launch

        Among the activities scheduled for the Expedition 39/40 crew as closes in on its launch to the International Space Station is a final "fit check" in the Soyuz spacecraft that will take them to the ISS. NASA Flight Engineer Steve Swanson and Russian cosmonauts

NASA unveils the latest design of Z-2 space suit

 

               NASA let the internet choose the design of its next Z-2 prototype spacesuit, and the internet chose Tron... or maybe it's Daft Punk's bodyguard... or the Hunchback of Alpha Centauri... or a Korgan disco... at any rate, this is the story of NASA's futuristic Z suit program.

Soyuz rocket launches to ISS with NASA

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER : 

Despite rising tensions between Russia and the U.S., a Russian Soyuz rocket headed for the International Space Station Wednesday afternoon with a NASA astronaut onboard.

A Russian spacecraft carrying a three-man crew docked successfully at the International Space Station on late Wednesday evening following the flawless launch.

The Soyuz craft, carrying NASA's Reid Wiseman, Russian cosmonaut Max Surayev and German Alexander Gerst of the European Space Agency arrived at the station at 5:44 a.m. (0144 GMT). They lifted off just less than six hours earlier from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

The Mission Control in Moscow congratulated the trio on a successful docking.

They are joining two Russians and an American who have been at the station since March.

The Russian and U.S. space agencies have continued to cooperate despite friction between the two countries over Ukraine. NASA depends on the Russian spacecraft to ferry crews to the space station and pays Russia nearly $71 million per seat.

Supernova Cleans Up Its Surroundings

                Supernovas are the spectacular ends to the lives of many massive stars.  These explosions, which occur on average twice a century in the Milky Way, can produce enormous amounts of energy and be as bright as an entire galaxy. These events are also important because the remains of the shattered star are hurled into space.  As this debris field – called a supernova remnant – expands, it carries the material it encounters along with it.
Astronomers have identified a supernova remnant that has several unusual properties. First, they found that this supernova remnant – known as G352.7-0.1 (or, G352 for short) – has swept up a remarkable amount of material, equivalent to about 45 times the mass of the Sun.

Composite image of supernova remnant G352

Another atypical trait of G352 is that it has a very different shape in radio data compared to that in X-rays. Most of the radio emission is shaped like an ellipse, contrasting with the X-ray emission that fills in the center of the radio ellipse.  This is seen in a new composite image of G352 that contains X-rays from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory in blue and radio data from the National Science Foundation's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in pink.  These data have also been combined with infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in orange, and optical data from the Digitized Sky Survey in white. (The infrared emission to the upper left and lower right are not directly related to the supernova remnant.)

Researchers have identified a supernova remnant,that has swept materials

Washington DC: Researchers have identified a supernova remnant - known as G352.7-0.1 (or, G352 for short) - that has swept material, equivalent to about 45 times the mass of the Sun. 

Another atypical trait of G352 is that it has a very different shape in radio data compared to that in X-rays. Most of the radio emission is shaped like an ellipse, contrasting with the X-ray emission that fills in the center of the radio ellipse.

Multiwavelength composite image
of the remnant of Kepler's supernova

This is seen in a new composite image of G352 that contains X-rays from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory in blue and radio data from the National Science Foundation's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in pink. 

A recent study suggests that, surprisingly, the X-ray emission in G352 is dominated by the hotter (about 30 million degrees Celsius) debris from the explosion, rather than cooler (about 2 million degrees) emission from surrounding material that has been swept up by the expanding shock wave. 

This is curious because astronomers estimate that G352 exploded about 2,200 years ago, and supernova remnants of this age usually produce X-rays that are dominated by swept-up material. Scientists are still trying to come up with an explanation for this behavior.

G352 is found about 24,000 light-years from Earth in the Milky Way galaxy. 

A supernova remnant (SNR) is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion, and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way.

There are two common routes to a supernova: either a massive star may run out of fuel, ceasing to generate fusion energy in its core, and collapsing inward under the force of its own gravity to form a neutron star or a black hole; or a white dwarf star may accumulate (accrete) material from a companion star until it reaches a critical mass and undergoes a thermonuclear explosion.

Read More:

• 2MASS images of Supernova Remnants

• NASA: Introduction to Supernova Remnants

• NASA's Imagine: Supernova Remnants